Maddy

4/9/12 Log Entry #1 Mars fact sheet

Minimum (106 km) 55.7 Maximum (106 km) 401.3 Maximum (seconds of arc) 25.1 Minimum (seconds of arc) 3.5
 * “Like Earth, Mars has seasons, polar ice caps, volcanoes, canyons and weather, but its atmosphere is too thin for liquid water to exist for long on the surface. This is important to know because then you know what type of weather conditions to program the rover for.”
 * “Each planet has roughly the same amount of land surface area. Atmospheric chemistry is relatively similar, at least as Earth is compared to the other planets in the solar system. The sibling planets also show a similar tilt in their rotational axises, affording each of them strong seasonal variability. The neighbors also present strong historic evidence of changes in climate.”
 * “Mars does not have the same kind of magnetic field as Earth. But evidence collected by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) indicates that the planet may have once had a global magnetic field, generated by an internal dynamo. Evidence suggests that the planet’s magnetic field reversed direction, or flipped, several times in its early days as conditions in the mantle and core of the planet changed. But that dynamo faded, leaving only faint traces of its magnetic past locked in the Martian crust.”
 * Distance from Earth
 * Apparent diameter from Earth
 * Surface pressure: 6.36 mb at mean radius (variable from 4.0 to 8.7 mb depending on season) [6.9 mb to 9 mb (Viking 1 Lander site)]
 * Surface density: ~0.020 kg/m3
 * Scale height: 11.1 km
 * Total mass of attmosphere: ~2.5 x 1016 kg
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Average temperature: ~210 K (-63 C)
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Wind speeds: 2-7 m/s (summer), 5-10 m/s (fall), 17-30 m/s (dust storm) (Viking Lander sites)
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Red color due to much of its surface being covered with iron-rich soil.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">//Ms. Mc: Good facts about Mars and its conditions but you were to relate them to how how they would impact getting a rover to Mars or having it operate on Mars' surface (-1). Also, I don't see any additions from our class discussion (-1). Please add these in the future. 8/10//

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">4/9/12 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Log entry #2 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Mars fact sheet

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The first device to employ the principle essentials to rocket flight was the aeolipile. A few years after the aeolipile was invented, an inventor named Hero created a device called the "Hero engine". The "Hero engine" was one of the first devices to use steam as a propulsive gas. The "Hero engine" worked by a fire below the kettle turning the water into steam, and the gas traveling through pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, and in doing so gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In about the 1200's the Chinese employed rockets by using them as arrows and firing them at wooden ships to make them explode. In 1898 a Russian man named, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky’s came up with this idea of space exploration by rocket. He suggested the use of liquid propellants for rockets so that they could get to a better range. He also stated that the speed and range of a rocket were limited only by the exhaust velocity of escaping gases. This idea gave lots of scientists something to think about.

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In the 1800's to 1900's Goddard's interest in rockets led him into the victory of building the first flight with a liquid propellant rocket the rocket only flew for two and a half seconds but for back then that was a great achievement. This project led to a whole new era in rocket flight. Rockets weren't only used to go into space. In World War 2 Germany developed the V-2 rockets. They developed these rockets to use against London in battle.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">On October 4, 1957, the first satellite successfully entered in a race for space between the two superpower nations. About a month later, the Soviets sent a satellite carrying a dog named Laika on board. The United States followed the path of the Soviet Union with a satellite of its own. Explorer 1 was launched by the U.S. Army on January 31, 1958. After the successful explorer was launched, the United States formally made a space program by creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA became a civilian agency that wanted peaceful exploration of space for the benefit of the world. To this day people have been launching rockets, satellites, etc. into space to take a look at the magical thing that holds our solar system together, the universe.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">//Ms. Mc: Excellent overview of the main contributions to rocketry and great drawings! Please put a figure # in your captions and refer to your drawings in your text (i.e., "as seen in Figure 1, . . .) (-1/2) Great job! 9.5/10//

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">4/9/12 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Log entry #3 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Scratch rocket simulation

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Instructions for Running simulation -
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Press green flag to start rocket simulation
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Turn on sound
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Press red button to stop rocket simulation
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">If simmulation dosn't appear, click on the "Learn more about this Project" (link above)

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Maddy T.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Comments:

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Georgia: You did an great job explaining the differents points in a rocket's travel. It could have be better if the simulation had been more smooth. However, I liked the pictures you used. I thought the little alien was awesome. Great job!!

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Cate: I loved the little marsian! That was a nice touch. I think the apogee should be in the middle of when the rocket arcs, but overall, awesome job!

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">4/16/12 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Loge Entry #4 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Labeled rocket

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">A rocket has a lot of parts to it that help it to fly. Even a paper rocket like we are making in class isn't exactly easy to build. As shown if figure #1, the nose cone, is the thing that guides the airflow around the rocket. Next there is the body tube, which is probably one of the most important parts in the rocket because it keeps everything in place, in other words it's the main structural part of the rocket. Next there is the recovery system, which is in charge of getting the rocket back safely so people can use it again. The next part down in the rocket is the recovery wadding. The recovery wadding actually protects the recovery system from hot ejection charge gasses. Next there is the Launch lug. The launch lug is mandatory for the lift off, because it’s what guides the rocket straight off the launch pad. Every rocket always has fins and this is because they keep the rocket traveling straight. You wouldn’t want a rocket that is swirling all over the place now would you? The next two parts are the motor mount and the rocket motor. These two parts sort of serve the same purpose except the motor mount protects the motor, and the motor is the part that keeps the rocket moving.

//<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Ms. Mc: very good descpritions and labels! The motor mount holds the motor in place. the caption should give the # first and then the title. 10/10 //

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">4/17/12 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Log entry #5 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Launch Vehicle

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The launch vehicle is made up of lots of different parts. As shown in figure one the stage 1 Atlas V Rocket is the fuel and oxygen tanks that fill up the engine for the ascent. It also powers spacecraft into the Earth orbit. The Solid Rocket Motors is used to engine's thrust bigger. Next the Stage 2: Centaur is the Fuel and oxidizer and the part of the vehicle that does all the calculating and moving, in other words the "brain". The centaur fires twice, once to insert the vehicle-spacecraft stack into low Earth orbit and then twice to accelerate the spacecraft out of Earth orbit and on its way to Mars. Finally the Payload Fairing is the nose cone that protect the spacecraft during the ascent through Earth's atmosphere. The Atlas V-541 was chosen to go on the Mars Science Laboratory mission because it could lift of the rocket in the rite way for the heavy weight requirements. It was also chosen because rockets in the same family have been successfully lifted, for example the NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and New Horizons missions. It weighs 1.17 million pounds (531,000 kilograms) and it is 191 feet (58 meters) high. //Ms. Mc: Please put the reading into your own words. Didn't discuss the common core booster (-1/2) but otherwise, very good. Don't forget to include a a figure # in your caption and refer to it in your text (-1). 8.5/10//

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">4/24/12 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Log Entry #6 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rocket Launch Analysis and Data

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The purpose of this experiment was to see if the mass of the rocket affected the apogee point. Throughout the rocket flight the rocket had lots of forces acting on it. For example when the rocket was at rest then the two forces acting on it were gravity and the resistance from the earth (normal force), they were equal therefore the rocket stays still. Next there was lift off. The two forces acting on the rocket at lift off are gravity and thrust. At that point there was more thrust acting on the rocket than gravity, therefore the thrust pushed the rocket up, and the rocket raised. Thrust and gravity were still acting on the rocket during the powered flight. While the rocket was accelerating up there was much more thrust acting on the rocket than gravity because the rocket was getting further and further away from earth, also acting on the rocket during powered flight was friction from the air. During coasting the engine stopped and the only reason the rocket was still rising up was due to inertia. The reason the gravity wasn't pulling the rocket down at this time was because again, the rocket was really far away from earth and there was not enough of a gravitational pull, friction from the air was also acting on the rocket to slow it down. The forces that were acting on the rocket when it reaches its apogee were also equal. These forces were the inertia and gravity, because the forces were equal the rocket stayed at rest momentarily. Lastly there was the descent, when there was more gravity acting on the rocket than air resistance; therefore the gravity pulls the rocket down to its landing destination. It was hypothesized that the greater the mass of the rocket, the lower the apogee will be. This was because the gravitational force was higher because the rocket was heavier and the thrust needed to push the rocket forward is higher too. Due to Newton’s law force equals mass times acceleration and that the heavier the rocket, the more force was needed to push the rocket forward. Therefore the heavier the rocket the lower the apogee point was.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">According to graph #1 the range of the rocket's mass and apogee that were launched in Mrs. McCoppin's 1st period class were 3.7 g. for the mass and 71.5 for the apogee. In this data it was seen that there was an inverse relationship. This inverse relationship showed that the heavier the rocket got the lower the apogee point would be. This data proved the hypothesis to be right. The hypothesis stated that the heavier the rocket, the lower the apogee. In graph #1 it showed exactly that. As the weight of the rockets decreased, the apogee height increased. For example as shown in graph one the lightest rocket which weighed 43.5 grams had the highest apogee point of 142.8 meters. The heaviest rocket, that weighed about 47.2 grams, also had one of the lowest apogee points of 100 meters.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The experiment could have gone wrong due to many reasons. For example: the wind could have affected the experiment because it might have blown the rocket in a different direction. The thrust might have been weak and not have been able to fly for such a long period of time. The rocket style could have affected the experiment because someone might have designed the rocket differently to another rocket so that they would do different things. The amount of paint on the rocket, because a lot of paint makes the rocket heavier which can slow it down. An angle gun error, because the angle gun is what determines the apogee height and, it is very easy to misread an angle gun. A building malfunctions because, for all that is known, a building malfunction can cause the engine to fall out of the rocket and for the rockAet to blow up before it reaches its apogee. Finally the place the rocket was launched can affect the rocket flight. If there was something above where to rocket was launched that could stop the rocket reaching its apogee in one spot but not the other.

4/30/12 Log entry #7 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Rocket Fin Re-Design

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">We made a lot of changes to the fins on our rocket, the second time around. We added the four fins to the bottom of our rocket thinking that they would allow our rocket to reach a higher apogee point. We thought they would help to us to reach a higher apogee point, because we thought they would make our rocket go straighter instead of curving over, and therefore reaching a higher apogee point.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Our redesigned rocket achieved a lower apogee than our original rocket. Our first apogee was 100 meters and our apogee in our second flight 24 meters. One of the reasons for this dramatic change might have been because of the rocket's mass which was 47.2 grams on the first flight and 57.1 grams on the second flight. The mass was not the only factor that affected how high the apogee was. Some other factors are known as the placement of the fins which was a little different. The square base we made out of the fins at the bottom of our rocket was thought to keep the rocket straight and not curve, but instead the pressure pushed down on the base forcing the rocket to come down quicker. Also on our second flight we have eight fins instead of three that added more air resistance to our rocket. The center of gravity was also above the center of pressure on our second flight. Even though there were a lot of different things between our two flights, the flight path was similarly straight from the one on our first flight.

//<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Ms. Mc - Nice job. The CG needs to be above the CP in order fo the flight to be stable. 4.5/5 //

5/3/12 Log entry #8 History of robotics

<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14px;">Robotics is very complicated. It took a lot of new ideas and failures just to get to where we are today. We could say that the work of Leonardo Da Vinci was the first step that led into robotics. In 1495 he designed a mechanical device that looked like an armored knight. The mechanisms inside Leonardo's robot were designed to make the knight move as if it was a real person dressed in armor. In 1898 Nikola Tesla built and demonstrated a remote controled robot boat at Madison Square Garden. In 1926 Fritz Lang's movie Metropolis was released. "Maria" the female robot in the film was the first robot to be projected on the silver screen. Issac Asimov first mentioned the term "Robotics" in his story Runaround in 1942. But probably his most important contribution to the history of the robot was the creation of his Three laws of robotics in 1940: Firstly, a robot may not injure a human being, or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Secondly, a robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where these orders would conflict with the First Law. Thirdly, a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. In 1950 Alan Turing published Computing, Machinery and Intelligence in which he tested whether or not a machine had gained the power to think for itself. This became known as the Turning Test. In 1962 the first industrial arm robot - the Unimate - was published. It was designed to complete repetitive or dangerous tasks on a General Motors assembly line. 1966 The Stanford Instatute, created Shakey the first mobile robot to know and react to its own actions.

<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14px;">In 1970 Stanford University built the Stanford Cart. It was made to be a line follower but could also be controlled from a computer via radio link. In 1977 Star Waes was released. George Lucas ' movie about a universe ruled by the Force presents the people to two robots R2-D2 and C-3PO. The movie had a big influence on the next generation of researchers. In 1992 Dr. John Adler came up with the idea of the Cyber Knife a robot that imaged the patient with x-rays to look for a tumor, and then delivered a pre-planned dose of radiation to the tumor when found. In 1993 Dante an 8-legged walking robot developed at Carnegie Mellon University descended into Mt. Erebrus, Antartica. Its mission was to collect data from a rough environment similar to what we might find on another planet. In 1997 The Pathfinder Mission landed on Mars. Its robotic rover, Sojourner, then broadcast data from the surface of Mars. In around 1998 people started using the technology of robotics to create toys, for example, Tiger Electronics introduced the Furby into the Christmas toy market. It quickly became "the toy" to get for the season. Using sensors it could react to its environment and communicate using over 800 phrases in English. Also in 1998 LEGO released their first Robotics Invention SystemTM 1.0. LEGO named Mindstorms. Just to show you how far we’ve come, a few years ago, on Jan. 23rd 2004, the second Mars exploration rover, Opportunity, safely landed on Mars. Also last November another rocket was launched, called “Curiosity” this rover is expected to land on mars very soon. If you think about it, if it wasn’t for robotics we wouldn’t know half the things we know now about the red planet, Mars.

//<span style="font-family: 'arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 14px;">Ms. Mc: great overview and I especially like how you discussed the Mars rovers and Lego Mindstorms. What do we primarily use robots for today? (-1/2) 9.5/10 //

5/20/12 Log entry #10 "On the edge" challenge

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Video #1: "On the edge" challenge video.



<span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Challenge #3 consisted of 5 blocks. The robot's course was to drive straight when it heard you say "go" until it sensed the blue line on the edge of the table with its light sensor, and then stop and say "Watch out!” The first block in this course is a wait for <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> sound block. A wait for <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> sound block tells the robot that when you say something it has to do something. This sound block is telling the robot to start the next action when it hears the word "go!” (How long and to what port is it connected? -1) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> The second block represents a movement block. A movement block tells the robot to do some sort of movement. Movement block number one is telling the robot to move forward forever. (What ports are activated? -1/2) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> Next in the challenge #3 course there is the light sensor block. A light sensor block tells the robot to do different actions when the light sensor senses a difference in light. This light sensor block is telling the robot to move on to the next command when the light sensor senses a difference in light. (What port and how much light? -1/2) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> Next there is movement block number two. This movement block is very different from movement block number one. This is because instead of telling the robot to go forward it's telling the robot to stop when the light sensor senses a difference in light. (Ports? Braking or coasting to stop?) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> Lastly there is a sound block. Even though this block has the same name as the previous sound block (actually, the first block is a "wait for sound" block) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> it does a completely different thing. While the previous sound block told the robot that when you say something it has to do something, this sound block tells the robot that it needs to say something. As a matter of fact this sound block is telling the robot to say "Watch out" at the end of the course. (How loudly and for how many times? Also, what port? -1)

Ms. Mc - very good overall, just missing some details. 17/20

<span style="font-family: Calibri,sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">6/4/12



The question, "Is there life on Mars?" has been a mystery for years. Every day scientists are finding more evidence that there is life on Mars. It won't be long until we know the truth. Scientists have found a lot of clues that there is life on Mars, one of the first clues they found was canals that usually carry water. (With better telescopes, they realized that the canals weren't man-made, however as once was previously thought.) Mariner 9 was the first spacecraft to fly around another planet. In fact it flew around Mars in November 1971. Mariner 9 returned with a lot of data. It returned with 7,330 pictures covering 80% of mars' surface these pictures showed volcanism, ancient erosion by water, and reshaping of extensive areas of the surface by internal forces. Another spacecraft that found water as part of their evidence that there was life on Mars was the Mars Express, which detected water, ice and carbon dioxide ice at the South Pole and confirmed that the southern summer remnant cap, like the northern one it contains permanently frozen water. It also detected large sulfur-rich deposits, mainly in Valles Marineris, and clay minerals in the heavily cratered terrains. Spirit and Opportunity also analyzed the rocks, soil, and dust around their landing sites, which had been chosen because they appeared to have been affected by water in Mars’s past. Opportunity also discovered rocks that were thought to have been laid down at the shoreline of an ancient body of salty water. The imaging system of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter took photographs of dark streaks that appeared to be salty water flowing downhill after it had melted during the Martian spring this is shown in figure #2. Lastly the U.S. probe Phoenix found water ice underneath the surface of Mars and alkaline soil. Scientists are almost certain that there was once water on Mars. What they are still unsure on is if they was life amongst that water.

Scientists have indeed found water on Mars, but they are going to need much more evidence to prove that there was ever life on Mars. Some other things they have discovered that will help us prove that there was once life on Mars is. The first idea that life can survive in a far wider range of conditions than was formerly thought possible, including near deep-sea vents at temperatures over 1,800 °F, in basaltic rocks deep below the surface, and in very saline and acid environments. The discovery that on Earth life started very quickly, possibly before the end of heavy bombardment, which possibly indicates that the origin of life is not an extremely low-probability event but rather will follow if the right conditions are present. Another idea that could help prove that Mars once had life is evidence that conditions on early Mars, when life started on Earth, were Earth-like. Also another factor is that Earth and Mars might have some of the right materials. This is thought because over 30 pieces of Mars have been also found on Earth. One thing that is essential for all life is bacteria. (Bacteria aren't essential for life but are a form of life that is found all over Earth in every environment. -1/2). In 1996 a group of scientists discovered what they thought were bacteria-like objects in a meteorite from Mars. They also detected hydrocarbons, mineral assemblages that were not produced in chemical equilibrium, and magnetic particles similar to those produced by some terrestrial bacteria. (The idea that the objects were fossilized bacteria is not widely held any more, however.)

A microorganism or microbe is a microscopic organism that is made up of either a single cell, cell clusters, or multicellular. An example of a cluster of cells is shown in figure #1. These cells might look large to you but that is because they are zoomed in 10,000 times. If something is dead, it means that it has all eight characteristics of life, but not anymore. If something is nonliving, it means it does not have all 8 characteristics of life and never will. If something is dormant, it has all 8 characteristics of life but one or more characteristics are not functioning at that time. If something is living it has to have these 8 characteristics of life. (and all 8 must be fully functioning -1/2)

- Be able to reproduce - Be able to grow and develop - Be able to adapt and evolve - Need raw materials - Respond to stimuli - Be made up of cells - Be homeostatic - Use energy (and produce waste)

To classify if a sample from Mars containing microbes was alive, dead, non-living or dormant I would be poking the object to see if it reacts. In other words if it responds to stimuli.

Ms. Mc - good general overview. Both of your figures are labelled as figure 2. If you discuss a figure first in your text, insert that picture first and label it figure 1 (-1/2). 8.5/10